William Heffernan is Professor of Criminal Justice at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He is an editor of Criminal Justice Ethics, a publication of John Jay’s Institute for Criminal Justice Ethics. His books include Privacy And The American Constitution: New Rights Through Interpretation Of An Old Text (Palgrave Macmillan 2016) and his articles on constitutional privacy protection have appeared in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Georgetown Law Journal, Wisconsin Law Review, and Notre Dame Law Review.